Abstract Description: The waste hierarchy (WH), a cornerstone of sustainable waste management, prioritizes waste prevention, reuse, recycling, energy recovery, and disposal in descending order of environmental preference (U.S. EPA, 2024). Historically, the WH was developed based on broad assumptions about cost and environmental impacts. However, evolving community needs, resource constraints, emerging waste management technologies, and climate impacts call for a reevaluation of its relevance and applicability. While the hierarchy provides a general framework, its practical implementation often depends on local infrastructure, policies, and socio-economic factors, raising questions about its universal suitability.
This study examines whether the waste hierarchy remains an effective model for guiding waste management decisions in diverse communities. By analyzing data from 10 U.S. communities, we evaluate the economic, environmental, and social impacts of waste management practices and adherence to the hierarchy. Key research questions include: What are the benefits and challenges of aligning with the hierarchy? How do cost, environmental outcomes, and social equity vary as communities implement different waste management strategies? Should the hierarchy be adapted to better reflect local circumstances?
The analysis will explore variation in costs, greenhouse gas emissions, and social impacts across hierarchy tiers. For example, moving from disposal to energy recovery or from recycling to reuse demonstrates significant environmental savings but presents unique financial and operational challenges for communities. The study will also examine whether rigid adherence to the hierarchy aligns with local priorities or resources.
This study aims to explore the need for a flexible, data-driven approach to waste management planning. The findings aim to provide recommendations to help communities optimize their waste strategies, balancing cost efficiency, environmental sustainability, and equity while reconsidering the waste hierarchy's role in contemporary waste management.
