Carbon Emissions Monitoring in Waste-to-Energy Plants: Development and Implementation of a Balance Method in China

Abstract Description: This study proposes a novel method for real-time carbon emission monitoring in Waste-to-Energy (WtE) plants, addressing the accuracy issue in carbon accounting for municipal solid waste incineration as WtE plants enter emission trading systems.The advanced Balance Method, adapted from the European one for Chinese WtE facilities, utilizes mass and energy balance equations, considering unique waste stream features in China such as high moisture and specific plastic composition. Implemented in a 2,250 t/d Chinese WtE plant via a comprehensive monitoring system, extensive waste analysis (90 sample groups, >200 samples) shows elemental differences between Chinese and European waste, leading to parameter adjustments.Key findings include distinct carbon content ratios in biogenic (49.67% C, 5.96% H, 42.09% O) and fossil (67.81% C, 10.38% H, 20.52% O) fractions. Biological, fossil, and water content in the waste stream are 24.5 - 31.3%, 5.9 - 16.7%, and 32.3 - 40.08% respectively. Weekly fossil carbon emissions are 1,557.1 tonnes (38.97% of total), biogenic 2,438.2 tonnes (61.02%), with an average dynamic emission factor of 0.309 t CO2-eq/t waste. The method's accuracy is verified by Carbon-14 comparison with errors in 3.5 - 7.6%. Sensitivity analysis shows flue gas CO2 concentration affects emission calculations (1% CO2 reduction leads to ~7% fossil carbon emission reduction).Innovative operational optimization features like a premixed warning system using spatial interpolation for real-time waste component visualization are introduced.The research contributes by establishing the first Chinese WtE plant real-time monitoring system for dynamic carbon emission factors, adapting European methods to local conditions, and integrating advanced management strategies. It offers a reliable framework for carbon accounting and operational benefits, advancing WtE carbon emission monitoring and waste management's greenhouse gas accounting.